Platinum Facts on the Periodic Table of the Elements

Platinum Facts on the Periodic Table of the Elements Platinum is a progress metal that is profoundly esteemed for adornments and combinations. Here are intriguing realities about this component. Platinum Basic Facts Nuclear Number: 78 Image: Pt Nuclear Weight: 195.08 Disclosure Its hard to relegate credit for the revelation. Ulloa 1735 (in South America), Wood in 1741, Julius Scaliger in 1735 (Italy) all can make claims. Platinum was utilized in moderately unadulterated structure by the pre-Columbian Indians. Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 Word Origin: from the Spanish word platina, which means minimal silver Isotopes Six stable isotopes of platinum happen in nature (190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198). Data on three extra radioisotopes is accessible (191, 193, 197). Properties Platinum has a liquefying purpose of 1772 Â °C, the breaking point of 3827/ - 100 Â °C, the particular gravity of 21.45 (20 Â °C), with a valence of 1, 2, 3, or 4. Platinum is a flexible and pliant shimmering white metal. It doesn't oxidize in air at any temperature, in spite of the fact that it is eroded by cyanides, incandescent light, sulfur, and burning salts. Platinum doesn't break up in hydrochloric or nitric corrosive yet will disintegrate when the two acids are blended to frame water regia. Employments Platinum is utilized in gems, wire, to make pots and vessels for lab work, electrical contacts, thermocouples, for covering things that must be presented to high temperatures for significant stretches of time or should oppose erosion, and in dentistry. Platinum-cobalt amalgams have fascinating attractive properties. Platinum retains a lot of hydrogen at room temperature, yielding it at red warmth. The metal is frequently utilized as an impetus. The platinum wire will shine intensely hot in the fume of methanol, where it goes about as an impetus, changing over it to formaldehyde. Hydrogen and oxygen will detonate within the sight of platinum. Sources Platinum happens in local structure, for the most part with limited quantities of different metals having a place with a similar gathering (osmium, iridium, ruthenium, palladium, and rhodium). Another wellspring of the metal is sperrylite (PtAs2). Component Classification Change Metal Platinum Physical Data Thickness (g/cc): 21.45 Liquefying Point (K): 2045 Breaking point (K): 4100 Appearance: overwhelming, delicate, shiny white metal Nuclear Radius (pm): 139 Nuclear Volume (cc/mol): 9.10 Covalent Radius (pm): 130 Ionic Radius: 65 (4e) 80 (2e) Explicit Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.133 Combination Heat (kJ/mol): 21.76 Vanishing Heat (kJ/mol): ~470 Debye Temperature (K): 230.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.28 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 868.1 Oxidation States: 4, 2, 0 Cross section Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Cross section Constant (Ã… ): 3.920 References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (eighteenth Ed.)

Status of Women Empowerment in India Essay Example for Free

Status of Women Empowerment in India Essay Introduced By Ankur Sharma Faculty:Institute of Rural Management, Jodhpur Meaning of Empowerment: On an individual level we consider strengthening to be building certainty, knowledge and comprehension, and creating individual abilities, for instance, having the option to investigate circumstances and convey all the more viably with others. Which means of Women Empowerment:Women Empowerment intends to rouse ladies with the fortitude to break liberated from the chains of restricting convictions, designs and cultural or strict conditions that have customarily kept ladies stifled and incapable to understand their actual excellence and force. Ladies Empowerment In India:However indian economy is advancing regarding GDP Per Capita Income yet at the same time ladies strengthening is a major worry for our country.Still states of womens are woeful in our nations. There are numerous regions where we need to consider genuinely should be made constructive moves to eridicate such sort of sociel disasters from our society.As being a piece of society,its our obligation that we ought to likewise add to the general public attempt to bring mindfulness among people.we ought not belittle womens just not just the premise of Physical strenth.Rather they are similarly capable to us even as far as their scholarly force or as far as there enthusiastic intellegence.Here we are examining some significant territories that requires a major concern: Domestic Violance: Domestic viciousness in India is endemic and across the board transcendently against ladies. Around 70% of ladies in India are casualties to aggressive behavior at home as per Renuka Chowdhury junior pastor for ladies and kid advancement. National Crime Records Bureau uncover that a wrongdoing against a ladies is perpetrated at regular intervals, a ladies is assaulted like clockwork, a share passing happens at regular intervals and one instance of brutality carried out by either the spouse or relative of the person in question. | Domestic viciousness in India regularly occurs because of settlement demands.According to Unicefs Global Report Card on Adolescents 2012, 57% young men in India think a spouse is legitimized in hitting or beating his significant other while around 53% young ladies believe that a husband is defended in beating his wife.Domestic savagery is known to occur in Upper Class families just as NRI families. Sexual orientation Discrimnation: Infancy to youth The social develop of Indian culture which fortifies sexual orientation inclination against ladies, has prompted the continuation of India’s solid inclination for male kids. Female child murder, a sex-particular fetus removal, is embraced and firmly mirrors the low status of Indian ladies. Statistics 2011 shows a decay of young lady populace younger than seven, with activists evaluating that 8,000,000 female embryos may have been prematurely ended in the past decade.The 2005 registration shows newborn child mortality figures for females and guys are 61 and 56, individually, out of 1000 live births, with females bound to be prematurely ended than guys because of one-sided mentalities. A decrease in the sex proportion was seen with India’s 2011 enumeration announcing that it remains at 914 females against 1,000 guys, a drop from 927 out of 2001 the most minimal since India’s autonomy. The interest for children among well off guardians is being fulfilled by the clinical network through the arrangement of unlawful administrations of fetal sex-assurance and sex-particular fetus removal. The budgetary motivating force for doctors to embrace this criminal behavior is by all accounts far more noteworthy than the punishments related with overstepping the law. Youth to adulthood (training): Instruction isn't generally accomplished by the Indian ladies. Despite the fact that proficiency rates are expanding, female education rates falls behind the male education rate. Proficiency Rate Census of India 2001 and 2011 Comparison Proficiency for females remains at 65.46%, contrasted with 82.14% for males.An hidden factor for such low proficiency rates are guardians discernments that training for young ladies are a misuse of assets as their little girls would inevitably live with their spouses families and they won't advantage straightforwardly from the instruction venture. Adulthood and onwards: Victimization ladies has added to sexual orientation wage differentials, with Indian ladies on normal procuring 64% of what their male partners acquire for a similar occupation and level of capability. Oppression ladies has prompted their absence of independence and authority. Albeit equivalent rights are given to ladies, it may not be all around perceived. Practically speaking, land and property rights are pitifully implemented, with standard laws generally rehearsed in country regions. Ladies don't possess property under their own namesâ and for the most part don't have any legacy rights to acquire a portion of parental property. Instruction and financial turn of events: As per 1992-93 figures, just 9.2% of the family units in India were female-headed. In any case, around 35% of the families beneath the destitution line were seen as female-headed. Training: In spite of the fact that it is bit by bit rising, the female proficiency rate in India is lower than the male education rate.Compared to young men, far less young ladies are joined up with the schools, and a significant number of them drop out.According to the National Sample Survey Data of 1997, just the conditions of Kerala and Mizoram have moved toward all inclusive female education rates. As indicated by dominant part of the researchers, the central point behind the improved social and monetary status of ladies in Kerala is proficiency. Under Non-Formal Education program (NFE), about 40% of the focuses in states and 10% of the focuses in UTs are only held for females. Starting at 2000, about 0.3 million NFE focuses were obliging about 7.42 million youngsters, out of which about 0.12 million were solely for young ladies. urban India, young ladies are about at standard with the young men as far as instruction. Be that as it may, in rustic India young ladies keep on being less taught than the young men. As indicated by a 1998 report by U.S. Branch of Commerce, the central obstruction to female instruction in India are insufficient school offices, (for example, clean offices), lack of female instructors and sexual orientation predisposition in educational plan (lion's share of the female characters being portrayed as frail and powerless). Workforce cooperation: As opposed to the normal observation, an enormous percent of ladies in India work. The National information assortment organizations acknowledge the way that there is a genuine under-estimation of womens commitment as laborers. Be that as it may, there are far less ladies in the paid workforce than there are men. In urban India Women have amazing number in the workforce. For instance at programming industry 30% of the workforce is female.They are at standard with their male partners as far as wages, position at the work place. In provincial India, farming and unified modern areas utilize as much as 89.5% of the absolute female work. In general homestead creation, womens normal commitment is assessed at 55% to 66% of the all out work. As indicated by aâ 1991 World Bank report, ladies represented 94% of complete work in dairy creation in India. Ladies establish 51% of the absolute utilized in backwoods based little scope endeavors. One of the most popular female business examples of overcoming adversity is the Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad. In 2006, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw,who began Biocon one of Indias first biotech organizations, was evaluated Indias most extravagant lady. Lalita D. Gupte and Kalpana Morparia were the main businesspeople in India who made the rundown of the Forbes Worlds Most Powerful Women in 2006. Chanda Kochher Indias second-biggest bank, ICICI Bank, and Morparia is the CEO of JPMorgan India. Land and property rights: In most Indian families, ladies don't claim any property in their own names, and don't get a portion of parental property.Due to feeble authorization of laws ensuring them, ladies keep on having little access to land and property.In certainty, a portion of the laws victimize ladies, with regards to land and property rights. The Hindu individual laws of mid-1956s (applied to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains) gave ladies rights to legacy. Nonetheless, the children had an autonomous offer in the hereditary property, while the girls shares depended on the offer got by their dad. Thus, a dad could successfully exclude a girl by repudiating a lot of the familial property, yet the child will keep on having an offer in his own right. Moreover, wedded little girls, even those confronting conjugal badgering, had no private rights in the familial home. After alteration of Hindu laws in 2005, presently ladies in have been given a similar status as that of men. Violations against ladies: Police records show high occurrence of wrongdoings against ladies in India. The National Crime Records Bureau revealed in 1998 that the development pace of wrongdoings against ladies would be higher than the populace development rate by 2010.Earlier, numerous cases were not enrolled with the police because of the social shame appended to assault and attack cases. Official insights show that there has been a sensational increment in the quantity of announced wrongdoings against ladies. Corrosive Throwing: The Thomas Reuters Foundation overview says that India is the fourth mostâ dangerous place on the planet for ladies to live in as ladies having a place with any class, position or statement of faith and religion can be survivors of this barbarous type of savagery and deformation, a planned wrongdoing proposed to murder or disfigure her for all time and go about as an exercise to take care of her. In India, corrosive assaults on ladies who set out to deny a keeps an eye on proposition of marriage or requested a separation are a type of vengeance. Corrosive is modest and effectively accessible and is the fastest method to obliterate a womans life. The quantity of corrosive assaults have been rising. Inappropriate behavior: Half of the all out number of violations against ladies detailed in 1990 identified with attack and badgering at the work environment. Eve prodding is a code word utilized for lewd behavior or attack of ladies by men. Numerous activists accuse the rising episodes of lewd behavior against ladies

Obesity and the Media Essay

In spite of the fact that sponsors and the media hugy affect the issue of youth heftiness, the guardians have the last approach what their kids eat and don’t eat. The guardians yield to their children’s crying and give them what they need just to satisfy them. Youth weight begins when the kids are mature enough to understand that they can get their direction when they weep for something. It is the parents’ obligation to show others how its done and show their youngsters good dieting propensities at a youthful age. In the event that the guardians have unfortunate dietary patterns and remember cheap food and singed nourishment for their eating routine all the time, all things considered, their kids will do likewise. Children will get familiar with eating whatever is made accessible for them in their home. It is the parents’ employment to give solid nibble alternatives with the goal that their youngsters can become accustomed to sound propensities at early ag es. At the point when kids are first pulled in to the inexpensive food advertisements at an exceptionally youthful age, it is regularly on the grounds that they are pulled in to the toys, for example, the ones offered in â€Å"happy meals.† Another motivation behind why cheap food is so mainstream is on the grounds that it is a snappy and simple supper when individuals are occupied or don’t want to prepare supper. My answer for these issues is make an inexpensive food chain that offered more beneficial choices. That way, when individuals need to pass through and request something fast, they would have the option to do as such while as yet practicing good eating habits. These eateries would likewise offer children’s suppers that incorporate a toy, which would advance remaining dynamic, and practicing good eating habits. The ad that I made is for a solid drive-through joint called Chick-A-Dees. This café would offer every single normal nourishment, as opposed to rotisserie alternatives. The advertisement utilizes splendid hues and animation characters to get children’s consideration. It additionally guarantees a toy with each kid’s dinner and promotes a wilderness rec center for children to play on when they go to the eatery. On the off chance that cafés opened that caused solid nourishment to appear to be energizing and amusing to kids, they would be bound to need to attempt it or even like it. The publicizing of toys that are remembered for kids’ suppers at drive-through joints is a primary explanation that small children need to go to these spots. In any case, there are numerous different toys for youngsters that are promoted on TV ordinary, which empower unfortunate dietary patterns. Among these are: the Easy Bake Oven, Popcorn Basketball, Smores Stick, Marshmallow Gun, Girls Gourmet Candy Jewel Factory Oven, 1000 Piece Candy Jigsaw, Counting Cookies, Mix and Match Doughnuts, and McDonalds Drive Through Food Cart. (The Toy Zone) All of these toys cause kids to connect undesirable eating with fun, which is a primary contributing element to the issue of youth weight. The KidsHealth article makes an incredible point about how guardians need to go about as good examples and show to their children appropriate serving size, how to appreciate treats with some restraint, and practicing normally. This is so evident; negative behavior patterns start when the kid is youthful, and after some time they become increasingly hard to crush. The article makes reference to certain propensities that guardians ought to get their children used to, for example, have ordinary family suppers, serve an assortment of solid nourishments and bites, be a good example by eating well yourself, stay away from fights over nourishment, and include kids all the while. Customary family dinners hugy affect forestalling undesirable dietary patterns. On the off chance that the family makes it their objective to plunk down for supper together even 4 days every week, it would have a significant effect. As the article titled Childhood Obesity states, â€Å"children are getting a greate r amount of their nourishment away from home.† Making family suppers a normal business as usual would keep the family from going to the simple choice of inexpensive food, or eating out at cafés where they serve incalculable courses and parts that are a lot to enormous for one sitting. The KidsHealth site likewise proposes that guardians stock up on sound nourishments. Having swelling or sweet snacks accessible for children to nibble on when they’re hungry will just add to the issue. There are a lot of solid and natural bites that are extremely scrumptious additionally, and if kids become acclimated to eating them while they’re youthful, they will never know the distinction. Ensuring your youngster eats is likewise a significant factor to a sound eating routine, as expressed in Childhood Obesity. Breakfast is the most significant feast of the day and important for a solid digestion. The article essentially covers all the issues and arrangements that I might want to corpulence in youngsters. If I somehow managed to add something to it I would state that it is essential to the point that guardians are engaged with their child’s life. This gets significantly progressively significant as they develop into youngsters, so it should begin when they are kids. Guardians should know whether the youngster is having issues in school, inconvenience making companions, being tormented, and so forth. These issues can add to the youngster going to nourishment for comfort. Another thought that the article didn’t notice is guardians purchasing their youngsters toys that support solid action instead of lethargy or undesirable eating. Rather than purchasing a videogame or and Easy Bake Oven for instance, get them things to play their preferred game with. In the event that the kid isn’t into sports, and would prefer to play computer games, support dynamic games l ike Wii Fit or Dance games. Engaging in the movement is an incredible method to support it. I don’t believe that the media has misrepresented the issue of youth stoutness in our general public. It is a tremendous issue and we see it ordinary, regardless of where we are. The media needs to begin advancing less of the undesirable propensities and show more commercials for smart dieting and games and toys that include movement. So as to forestall corpulence and infections that are connected to it, guardians must empower and show good dieting propensities just as showing their youngsters to remain dynamic. The anticipation must beginning when the youngster is youthful, and stay consistent and constant as they develop. http://www.aspe.hhs.gov/wellbeing/reports/child_obesity/ http://www.thetoyzone.com/2010/15-toys-that-will-make-your-youngsters fat/

Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about Ideas

Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about Ideas A Secret Weapon for Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about In the end, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the significance of appropriate essay structure. Then, it's essential to offer a crucial review of the literature regarding the matter under discussion. After you are aware that you will need to locate unique persuasive essay topics so as to compose the ideal text possible, it's the opportunity to consider how to study the structure of such texts. Hence, it's critical to make certain that you're able to pursue your research through the most crucial milestones of your syllabus. The Ultimate Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about Trick You may support a specific idea whilst criticizing different facets but let the reader decide. As soon as you choose a title, you must be aware of about the varieties of argumentative claims that you will add in your essay when addressing the public. At length, if you are going to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, remember that there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. The very first thing you ought to learn about a persuasive essay is the simple fact which you are in a position to pick your own sort of structure. New York soft drink size limit should be put into place. When you haven't found the one you like, it doesn't mean you have to give up you only need to keep looking. Still, teens typically have a list of their typical subjects which are the inevitable portion of the discussion evening. In high school, you're supposed to decide on the type of topic you are going to be in a position to dig into that is, it's necessary for you to make certain you can come across enough info on the discipline. The Foolproof Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about Strategy As an example, irrespective of some disadvantages of technology, it plays a huge part in our lives, and it's crucial. Relevant Topics that are related to your society will engage the reader in the very best possible method. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. There are times that you feel as if you wish to explore some problems and issues that are presently happening in our society, but don't exactly understand what you'd like to discuss. What You Need to Know About Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about If you own a debate coming up soon and will need to choose a strong topic, here's a list of 50 debate topics that are sure to generate a lively discussion. In case the professor did not offer you the topic, think about doing it. If you're in a college and wish to compose an argumentative essay, you should select a subject of high importance. When it has to do with the middle school, the argumentative essay consists of moderate topics. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. There are several argumentative essay topics. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. The Most Popular Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about Schools should begin teaching multiculturalism. Home schooling is a powerful education program for rural locations and long distance regions. Colleges should suffer due to their athlete's loss. Technology playing a poor part in education 207. Finding the Best Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about When you compose an evaluation essay you must evaluate every property of the subject including its advantages and disadvantages. The dearth of fantastic support sources will end in a decrease grade. Okay, it's for you to choos e! Where to Find Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about Many brilliant individuals who achieved success in life proved actually academic drop-outs. There are several things you wish to live, many things you feel, and you simply don't know if a number of the situations you do are ok or not. For instance, you can select a topic for elementary, middle, or higher school. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on distinct views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. What You Need to Do About Controversial Topics to Write a High School Essay about Starting in the Next 2 Minutes Writing an essay for high school is simple if you choose a very simple topic. Thus, for your coursework, you're want to have the very best ideas. You don't wish to lose grades as a result of incorrect essay format. It's possible to ask your teacher for approval if you're not certain which topic is more interesting. Second, talk what you shouldn't do instead of what has to be carried out. You are able to also write about a frequent problem that numerous people today are speaking about nowadays and bring your fresh ideas to the discussion. On the flip side, bear in mind your essay can be offensive to someone. Bear in mind which you can make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good idea to start with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. Picking an effortless topic may prove to be an incorrect track as you might have difficulties finding credible sources to support your views. Contradictive Your topic should stir a selection of opinions among the general public. Additionally, there are many such topic that you can find upon the web.

Epidemiology Is Not For Diseases Among Human Populations

Background Epidemiology is the study of how often diseases spread through a population. This information can be used to help reduce the damage caused in future epidemics and also help to understand the best way to treat patients of a current epidemic. The word epidemiology comes from Greek, literally translating to â€Å"the study of what is upon the people†. However nowadays epidemiology is not limited to diseases among human populations, epidemiology can now be the study of disease in any defined population. Mathematical models of epidemics were not used until the early 20th century. When there were early pioneers such as William Hamer and Ronald Ross who successfully created models that shared similar properties to the disease. History Hippocrates The timeline of epidemiology starts in Greece with a man named Hippocrates, though now he is often referred to as â€Å"The father of medicine†. Hippocrates was the first person to observe the link between disease and the environment of the infected person, and he then began to think about whether the link might be causal. Prior to this ground-breaking idea people had simply attributed disease to a supernatural phenomenon and had not considered that there may be a rational explanation for the spread of disease through the population. Hippocrates decided to investigate the environmental factors involved with disease after he had noticed that different diseases occurred in different locations (for example: Malaria only seeming to occur inShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity Among Hispanic Children1729 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity among Hispanic Children Childhood obesity has increased dramatically during the past decade (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). 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The communicable disease chain is a model beneficial to integrating the many concepts of communicable diseases (Maurer amp; Smith

Current Poverty Of The Uk - 1490 Words

Current poverty in the UK is measured in terms of relative poverty. Townsend who is known for his work on relative poverty describes it as â€Å"Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are, in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities† (Townsend, 1979) To measure if someone is living in relative poverty they have to be earning under 60% of the average household income, it was estimated that in 2013/14 13.2 million people in the UK lived in poverty (www.gov.uk, 2017). There is a debate about how and why poverty still remains, the two main explanations of poverty are the pathological explanation and the structural explanation that have opposing views. This†¦show more content†¦1959). This research contributes to the division between the ‘deserving’ and the ‘undeserving’ poor, the deserving poor are those who should be getting benefits but the undeserving poor should be helping themselves out of poverty. The ideas of deserving and undeserving can still be seen in British policies today. Unemployment can be down to individuals characteristics, they may have become unemployed through their own fault such as misconduct. An individual may also not be trying hard enough to find work, preferring to get benefits instead. The government has responded to this by making benefits for the unemployed harder to get as they have to prove they are actively seeking work, this comes after claims benefits take away incentives to work. The unemployed may also not be improving their own skill set to the required level employers are looking for. In relation to Murray, behaviour outside of work may also contribute to unemployment such as alcohol and substance abuse. However there are flaws in this theory, if in 2013 to 2014 13.2 million people in Britain were in poverty, can all these cases be put down to personal traits? Breadline Britain found that 10% of the population lived in a damp house and 20% didn’t have enough money to make necessary decorations (Lansley, S Mack, J. 2015) this isn’t people being lazy or not working enough as these are serious situations. The underclass is alsoShow MoreRelatedPoverty in the United Kingdom802 Words   |  3 PagesPoverty is often associated with Third World countries, where the outcome of such poverty is often death from disease or starvation. However this is the extremes of poverty, and is rarely experienced within the UK. Despite this poverty still takes place within the UK just at a lesser extent, however this does not take away from the devastating effects that poverty can have. 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Control As Enterprise Reflections On Privatizatio Essay Example For Students

Control As Enterprise: Reflections On Privatizatio Essay n And Criminal JusticeThank you very much for the welcome, and for giving my talk. When the Fraser Institute called me last year, they rang up and said they were having a conference and we would like to invite you, and I thought I think you have the wrong person. Basically, everybody else there, except myself and one person from Nova Scotia, were in favour of privatization and very strongly in favour of it, especially with respect to prisons. It was actually very educational and interesting to engage in that debate. First of all I would like to thank you very much for the invitation and to wish you all the best with your new programme. I am glad that you have asked me to speak about privatization and criminal justice because I am sure that nobody here needs me to remind you that privatization is one of the issues of our time. We see this in Canada in the context of budget cuts and trying to reduce the deficit, where privatization is often posed as a solution to problems we are faced with fiscally. We also see it in the West generally. You only look at the labour party in Britain, the new government, to see that they are far more open now to at least some aspects of privatization then would have been the case twenty years ago. I think if we look around the globe in general we see that privatization is an issue in many other places also, and I am thinking here in particular of Russia and other Central and Eastern European countries where there has been massive privatization in the 1990s. I spent 199394 in Lithuania and saw what was going on there, and the scale was phenomenal. I think that made me sensitive to just how big the changes are that can take place, and also sensitized me to how once privatization is set in motion, it can take on an impotice of its own, one that might surprise even the very people that initiated it. That is one reason why even with private prisons, that right now are very minuscule proportionately to prisons in general, that we should t ake this issue very seriously because it can accelerate and develop in the future. I am also glad that you have invited me to speak about privatization here because although we are surrounded by privatization, including in criminal justice, this phenomenon is relatively little researched. The one exception here might be private police, there has been a fair bit written on private police. But beyond that there is many aspects of privatization in criminal justice that have not received adequate attention. So on the one hand we are surrounded by the phenomenon and on the other hand we dont know as much about it as we should. Even my own work, I might add, privatization is more or less a tangent for me as I do other areas of research. I think it is indication that very few people in Canada, criminologists, are systematically focussing on this but I keep getting roped back into this. I just wish I had three lives at once so that I could pursue it the way I really want to. Privatization i s an area that really needs attention, and lets hope that students here at St. Thomas are going to take this up. Let me just mention one or two topics that need attention. Many people talk about privatization in criminal justice, including myself, mention that it is likely that private companies will try and influence criminal justice policy in various places. Yet when you look for the empirical support for this there is very little factual information there. Or we talk a bit about the decline of the military in industrial conflicts, the end of the Cold War, and new markets opening up for these companies internationally and we see some of the companies moving from the United States into Britain, Australia and now also Canada, and we hear things about them moving into Latin American countries and East European countries, but again this international dimension is one that there has been very little systematic research on. So the whole area is just begging for attention. In discussing privatization there are numerous approaches that I could take. For example we could talk about the history of privatization and how what is happening now is similar or different to what has gone before. Or we could talk about what I think of as positive forms of privatization. Here I am thinking, as any of you who study criminology knows, there are many kinds of troubles that people experience but never comes to the attention of the criminal justice system. People find their own other/alternative ways of dealing with them, and sometimes these are very constructive and positive ways. For example, if somebody you know well steals from you, are you going to call the police? It is likely that you wont and that you have some other way of dealing with that. So that is one positive form of privatization. Not all forms of privatization that are of the private sector are negative. Another positive form of privatization is the involvement of non-profit community groups in criminal justice, an d I am thinking here of groups such as the Elizabeth Fry Society and the John Howard Society. I think that much of their work is very positive but they are also part of the private sector. I do think though that their role right now needs a lot of attention in the context of more recent for-profit forms of privatization and the challenges that is posing to these traditional non-profit groups. Again another area in need of attention and unfortunately I dont have time to address that particular topic tonight. So this topic of privatization in criminal justice is potentially very broad. Tonight my focus is very specific. I want to talk about corporate and commercial forms of privatization. That is the for-profit sector in criminal justice. More specifically, as Dr. MacDonald allude to, my focus is on the entrepreneurial aspect of privatization and this is reflected in my title Control as Enterprise. As mentioned earlier, my sensitivity to this particular issue has been raised by Niels Christies book Crime Control As Industry: Towards Goulags Western Style, and as some of you may have noticed that in the first addition of this book that is followed by a question mark, and in the second edition, he dropped the question mark. My sensitivity to the issue has also been sharpened by my experience with the government of Ontario in the early 90s when I served as a Policy Advisor and Executive Assistant to the Minister of Correctional Services and the Solicitor General of Ontario. There I had an opportunity to observe some of the politics of privatization and some of the action that were taken by corporate companies in this area. I think that two basic questions underlie my thoughts in this area. First is, given that privatization of control systems implies profit from control systems, we must ask who profits and at whose expense? And while there cannot be a definitive answer to this question it does seem to me that recent trends in privatization primarily benefit those w ho are already powerful and especially people in the upper echelons of these companies. It seems that the people who are primarily benefiting are those that are already powerful in these companies and mean while it is the traditionally less powerful, and specifically many poorer people and members of some visible minority groups, who have long been the focus of policing and criminal justice surveillance who start to lose the most through privatization. The second question that underlies my thoughts is, given the profit-making impotice of the private sector, is it likely to try and generate or create demands for various services and also for products which go beyond any demonstrated need? So is it likely that these companies are going to try and generate or create a demand for what they offer, a demand that goes beyond any real demonstrated need. Here I think the answer is yes, and I should I should be trying to give you a few examples. In my presentation I should first briefly ident ify some recent trends in privatization. I will then discuss some related developments in Ontario and following the paper that I am going to leave here, I will be talking about electronic monitoring in corrections in Ontario. After that I will identify some other new trends involving the sale of products to individuals. Then I shall draw some general conclusions about context and consequences of privatization, and finally if I have the time I would like to make some remarks on the specific issue of privatization of prisons. Recent trends in Privatization I dont need to dwell on them as I am sure they are familiar to you. First of all, we have seen a huge growth of private police and security to the point that this is more numerous now than public police. We have also seen an increase in the sale of products to the police in prisons including weapons, bullet proof vests, furniture, and many technological products including phone systems, computer systems, identification and monitori ng devices, and drug testing kits. In addition, we see the provision of food, laundry and other services to prisons. We also see prison construction and we see the marketing of many technological products in society more generally, products relevant to crime prevention including burglar alarms, library cards, bank cards, security labelling for clothing, cameras in banks, and so on. And perhaps lastly we see the private sector moving into the actual running of prisons. Overall the scale of this activity is enormous. As Niels Christie describes it, it is the crime control industry. Just to give one or two examples. By the early 90s in the USA, prison construction already amounted to six billion dollars a year, that is quite a lot. And just for prison food was over one billion a year and roughly growing. Let me raise the question again why should this expansion of commercialization be of concern? No doubt some people, like the Fraser Institute for example, feel that this involvement o f the corporate sector in criminal justice should give little cause for concern. After all it can be argued that crime is really a problem and resources must be devoted to dealing with it. Whether the public or private sector deals with it is not an issue as long as it starts with wealth, so why not let the private sector do it especially when the private sector argues that they can do it more cheaply, more efficiently than the public sector. Well I agree that crime is a problem and that resources are needed to respond to it, and to generally help people feel and be safe, I think it is highly questionable as to whether the increased provision of police, prisons and security devices are desirable responses. However here it is not specifically my aim, nor do I have the time to elaborate on more positive responses, but to rather focus on the commercial responses and identify concerns. To raise a concern again, we have to ask, given the primary motivation of profit-making in the corpora te sector as opposed to any humanitarian concern, are they likely to try and supply resources which go beyond any demonstrated need or demand. And as I alluded to earlier, I think the answer is yes, that they may be trying to create demands. This applies throughout the criminal justice system. Let me give you a couple of specific examples. First, about the marketing of electronic monitoring in corrections. I know I am going to ruffle a few feathers here, and I am sorry about that. In the early 90s I took a few leaves from the university to work in government. I was on the ministers political staff, just so nobody thinks I was in the civil service. I worked with two successive Ministers of Corrections and Solicitor Generals of Ontario, so I was really able to operate at a senior level of the ministry, and this was a great opportunity for me having done research on that very ministry to be able to be there in the Ministers office and to communicate with civil servants to get the view from the inside. When this new government came into power, and the new government of course was the NDP in Ontario, they realized that when they got into power they did have policies in many areas but there were other areas where their policies were not so clear, including I think criminal justice. One of the first things that happened after they got into power at the Correctional Ministry was that approaches were made to sell electronic monitoring to the Ministry. Now as people know, electronic monitoring involves attaching a bracelet to offenders and tracking their movements. Companies argued that electronic monitoring provided a cheaper, effective and humane alternative to prison. The image was that rather than keeping offenders in prison they could now be at home or at work and be constructive and productive in the community. The logic of this argument is difficult to resist, it seems that the offender can still be confined, albeit in an inexpensive way and one which enables him or her to maintain their family and other community corrections. So it seems at first glance that electronic monitoring can provide an effective alternative to prison. However, when one looks at the criminological literature on this, this is very debatable. What is the problem? Well specifically and similarly to many other community corrections programs in Western jurisdictions, the clientele for electronic monitoring appear to be primarily low-risk offenders. These are people that would have been released into the community anyway through probation or parole. Now because of this, electronic monitoring is not cheaper because the ministries concerned get the gains expense of purchasing this equipment. Nor is it more humanitarian arguably because rather than moving people from prisons it adds another control onto people who would have been in the community anyway. It is also questionable as to whether electronic monitoring is more effective than other approaches in the reducing recid ivism. There is little evidence that those released into the community under highly intensive forms of surveillance are less likely to re-offend than those with lesser forms of surveillance. I am thinking in particular, as can happen today, that people are released on probation with so many conditions that it is almost impossible for them all to be fulfilled. The basic point is that the more conditions that are imposed on people, the more difficult it is for them to keep them and not violate them. In short, while I think that electronic monitoring is beneficial for the companies that profit from its sales, this appears to be at the cost of low risk offenders being subject to additional control measures, and there is no evidence that a contribution has been made to public safety. Meanwhile, none of this addresses fundamental ethical issues about electronic monitoring and attaching such devises to individuals. Some researchers on privatization, myself included, feel rather uncomfortab le with advocating such potentially intrusive forms of surveillance. One could ask, where will this end? It was not reassuring for me to read in one journal concerned with electronic monitoring that in some eyes a true electronic incarceration would involve active restraints such as a remotely applied zap of electricity for better control over an offenders behaviour. Like a lot of other things in privatization, there is a continuum that goes from soft and seems ok to look at where it might lead us and one begins to get a bit worried. As it happens, the minister I was working with and the government in Ontario decided that they were opposed in principle to electronic monitoring, so nothing happened at that moment. But when a new government came in the mid 90s, a Progressive Conservative government, they were quick to respond to approaches made to them and to commit themselves to electronic monitoring. Moreover I think it is important to note that their perspective on this is not prim arily humanitarian, rather it is a fiscal and a punitive perspective. The minister that welcomed this approach has also referred to halfway houses as a form of subsidized housing which he has no intention of providing to offenders. So on the one hand the government is increasing its commitment to electronic monitoring and on the other decreasing it to halfway houses. The closure of some halfway houses in Ontario and the implementation of electronic monitoring marks an important transition. First, marks the governments move away from doing business with non-profit community groups that ran many of the halfway houses and towards corporate, commercial, and for-profit groups. Second, I think this decision signals a move away from humane or at least human forms of supervision in favour of a move toward technological forms of supervision, a move from human to technological control. Let me know talk a little bit about capsicum. A more difficult scenario arose when the Ministry of the Solic itor General was approached by the private sector to try and market capsicum for use by police officers. Capsicum is a form of pepper which when packaged in a can and sprayed has the effect of totally immobilising its human target. Now given that capsicum is based on a natural product rather than a chemical product, and given that its use leaves no trace on the person after a little while, one might facetiously describe it as an environmentally friendly form of mace. In Ontario efforts to market capsicum were made at a politically, volatile moment. In the late 80s and early 90s there had been a series of police shootings, people had been injured and killed and the startling pattern that seemed to be emerging that many of the victims were young, back males and who were unarmed or at least not armed with a firearms. So it was a time of very strong tensions between police and minority groups. The argument was made that if the police were to use capsicum it would be a non-lethal weapon which would reduce their use of guns, so the argument was made at a very opportune moment. Not surprisingly, many people were in favour of this. Meanwhile, one of the barriers to reform, which was cost, was removed as an offer was made to the government to supply capsicum for free during the trail period. While the arguments in favour of police using capsicum are compelling, I have some concerns about it and had at the time. In the first place, there is a long history of claims that problems of crime fighting and control over police can be solved by one or another technology. I am thinking here of the history given in Rubbensteins book City Police. I also thought that it was problematic that the product was being sold on the argument that it would reduce the police use of firearms because there was no evidence given that this would be the case. So although capsicum had been used for a while in the United States, we were not presented with any hard evidence of any specific place wher e the use of capsicum was associated with a reduced use of firearms. Now some people might argue that the advantages of capsicum are so obvious that one does not need any research to demonstrate this. But if you think for example in the case of Rodney King capsicum was used on him. So it is difficult to claim definitively that the use of capsicum is going to preclude other problems in police behaviour. Overall I think one can draw a parallel between the use of capsicum and electronic monitoring. Where electronic monitoring can become an add on to community programs, capsicum can become an add on to the non-lethal weapons already used by police. I think I was the only person in Ontario who thought all of this. Everybody was in favour of it, and it was adopted. Subsequent to this police in Ontario carried capsicum and overall I think the 1990s have been a period where the non-lethal weaponry of the police has greatly extended. But meanwhile the problems with injuries and fatalities c ontinue to occur. And again, research is needed in this area. For example, in Ottawa in early 1995 a man drowned after he had been sprayed with capsicum and ran away from the police. Just recently I read a claim that in California at least 26 people have died since 1993 following the use of capsicum. However, let me immediately say that from the point of view of politicians and civil servants, I can very well understand that when confronted with an issue like this or when approached by companies, its very understandable that they will be open to accepting such a product. This is one of the difficulties in this area. It very often seems easier to argue in favour of the product then it is to argue against it. So I think one could sound like a killjoy when these companies come in and say if police shootings is a problem, give them capsicum, you can sound like a real pessimist or negative person, which I dont like to think I am at heart, when you say that maybe there is a few problems o r potential problems here that we should be looking at. So as I say, this is one of the difficulties in this area, that some how it seems much easier to argue in favour of electronic monitoring or argue in favour of capsicum then it is to argue against it. Another trend or area that these companies are working in is in relation to individuals. Perhaps the most obvious example of this, that is long with us, is the selling of alarms, which are now a taken for granted feature of life at least in a city. Meanwhile whether you go into apartment buildings in Toronto or go in to visit people who live in buildings with courtyards in Paris or where ever it might be, there can be a bewildering array of security checks or codes and so on that one has to get through in order to just go and visit somebody you know. In North America you are now seeing whole neighbourhoods being surrounded and permeated with these security devices, some people refer to these as gated communities. As these burglar alarms and security devices are becoming more taken for granted features, I think that the private companies are looking continuously for new markets and doing quite well. They are looking at various groups of individuals and one case in point here, which again needs research, is that of women. Women are being targeted by a range of products, I will just give you one or two examples. The first one is again capsicum. We see ads in womens magazines which urge women to buy a capsicum gun, the image being that if somebody attacks you, you are going to pull this out and spray them and that is the end of your problem. What these ads dont mention, obviously, is that if a woman can carry one of these things and acquire it, then so can her potential attacker. So now we have a situation where the potential attackers have them, and the women have them, the police have them, and everybody have them, and who is safer at the end of the day? I think far from easing crime and the fear of crime, thi s growing availability of capsicum may exacerbate both. In recent years the private sector has even managed to use fear of crime as a way of selling cellular phones to women. So women are told, buy a cellular phone and you need never be alone. You have got an image of yourself alone driving along the highway and something happens, and you whip out the phone. I am not going to say that that can never ever happen, but just pointing this out as a strategy for marketing a product that at first glance has nothing to do with crime. I really do think that this marketing of goods to women deserves more research because it represents par excellence the length to which the private sector will go and capitalize on and profit from peoples fear of crime. A recent article has succinctly expressed that the private sector what one might call a vested interest in fear, and I think that this is something that we should think about and that is really what I am trying to get out in my presentation. Som e words on the general context and consequence of privatization. As these examples illustrate the corporate and commercial sector is greatly expanding its involvement in criminal justice. Economically it is able to capitalize on profit from public fears of crime and desires for security. In the enterprise culture of justice the phenomenon of crime appears to be a never ending resource for which corporations can profit in material ways. Let me quote Niels Christie here: Compared to most other industries, the crime control industry is in a most privileged position. There is no lack of raw material, crime seems to be an endless supply. But while the corporate and commercial sector is benefiting from privatization, its benefits for the public are far less clear. I think that many peoples fears of crime can be disproportionately increased by relentless emphasis on the risks and dangers they face. Meanwhile marginalised individuals and groups including the poor, homeless, and those subjec t to the criminal justice system experience more insidious control and more extensive control. Both those who are supposedly threatened and those who represent a threat suffer through privatization. At a more theoretical level, at which I wont get into at great detail due to time, I think that we can see privatization as a core component of what can be described as the risk society. As Richard Erickson for example has noted one logic of the risk society is a negative one. Threats and dangers and fears about them are dealt with by the construction of suitable enemies. There is a tended labelling, denial, avoidance and exclusion solidarity is based on the commonality of fear. I think we have to look at the rise of privatization as going hand in hand with the rise of risk society. Perhaps I will mention that Richard Erickson and Kevin Haggertys book has just come out Policing the Risk Society and this is the most extensive empirical documentation of it so far. Just a little tangent as well, if I had more time I would talk about it, I also see these trends as going hand in hand what George Ritzer in the United States has calls the McDonaldization of society. So we have the risk society and privatization going hand in hand, and as Jean-Paul Bras Dor at the University of Montreal has pointed out that within this technological forms of risk management which are becoming prominent, electronic monitoring is just one form of that and capsicum is another, and we ought to see other technological forms of surveillance including bank cards, library cards, tags for clothing, food, and so on, and by extension as we are seen talking about now tagging people and using their finger prints to check them in and out of work or to potentially protect against welfare fraud. So I think that we are in a situation where it is not only risks themselves but also the means to control these risks which are both omnipresent and intangible. Let me move on with some final words about private prisons. What about private prisons, how should one view them? Debates about privatization and criminal justice often focus on the specific issue of private prisons, but as I hope my presentation has made clear the issue should be seen in a much broader way and it is in fact these broader issues which get too little attention. However, seen as private prisons are a flash point and seen as it is particularly relevant in New Brunswick, I would like to make a few reflections on this particular phenomenon. Overall I think that concerns over private prisons fall into two major types or two sets of issues. The first set of issues we might describe as practical issues, and here we are talking about legal issues can private prisons be legal; cost issues how much will private prisons cost compared to public ones; and similarly quality issues, management issues and effectiveness issues. That whole set of issues are very practical or policy issues. The second set of issues are moral, politic al and social issues, and especially questions about whether the profit oriented private sector can and will provide services which are humanitarian, just and supportive of prisoners and the publics good. So we are asking in the sphere of prisons, can the private sector support public good? It is my position that the second set of issues the moral, political and social issues should take precedence over the first or more practical set of issues. One reason for this is that it is highly questionable as to whether private prisons are cheaper, more effective, more efficient, ect. than public prisons. I think this fact has been very well documented in a recent book entitled Punishment for Profit: Private Prisons, Public Concerns. This book provides good evidence that one can not definitively argue that private prisons are all the things that they are claimed to be. But even more importantly than that I think, moral, political and social issues should precedence because prisons are dis tinctively different to other social institutions. Arguably, political and governmental responsibility with respect to prisons is not just an administrative responsibility, its not just an economic responsibility. Rather it is a moral and ethical responsibility and because of this the privatization of prisons can not be discussed for example in the same way as the privatization of phones, bus companies and so on. One might ask how are prisons different to these other institutions? Firstly, I think the prisons are different because they are literally hidden from public view, and this means that prisoners and people that work in prisons are vulnerable in a variety of ways. Secondly, prisons are different to other institutions in that their purpose is punishment, the infliction of meta-physical pain and the deprivation of liberty. Prisoners are a captive human population, prisoners are powerless in many ways, they are not customers or clients in the usual sense of those words. So it is that the hidden nature of prisons and the relatively powerless nature of prisoners that makes privatization in this area even more problematic than in other ones. It is also difficult to see how the profit and expansionist orientation of the crime control industry is compatible with humanitarian ideas of limiting use of imprisonment and expanding rehabilitation programs, or with the development of meaningful alternatives to prison. When you think about it, it is in the interest of the private profit sector that the prison system and profit-making should grow. I think the private sector has a number of interest here and I want to list them off to you. Firstly as I say, that profit-making should grow and thereby through the growth of the imprisonment sector itself. It is in the interest of the private sector that sentencing be more punitive and parole diminished. It is in the interest of the private sector that correctional employees be de-unionized and that salary, benefits and prom otional opportunities be cut to a minimum. It is in the interest of the private, for-profit sector that accountability to the government and the public should be kept to a minimum. And finally, should savings result from privatization of prisons, it is in the interest of the private sector that as much as possible of these savings should become their profit rather than be returned to government and save the government money. So if there is any savings to be made, obviously it is in the interest of the private sector to keep as much as possible of that for themselves rather than handing it back to government. Overall, while private prisons may be desirable from the point of view of the private sector, their consequences for prisoners, for correctional employees, for tax payers and for government may well be negative. Let me make a few concluding statements. Private prisons must be seen in the broader context of privatization of criminal justice and control. As I have tried to describ e the profit impotice and the expansion of control can go hand in hand. Put bluntly, increases in the fear of crime and related demands for security even beyond any demonstrated need serve the interest of the private sector. As Niels Christie puts it: only rarely will those working in or for any industry say now, just now, the size is about right. Now we are big enough, we are well established, we do not want any further growth. An urge for expansion is built into industrial thinking. The crime control industry is no exception. I think that in face of the ideology and practices of privatization basic questions about values, human rights and justice get left behind. Privatization deflects attention from and distorts perceptions of real social problems. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing not only researchers and policy makers but also entrepreneurs themselves is to maintain a humanitarian focus on the consequences of privatization and despite its own rational, utilitarian and manag erial discourses. I wish colleagues and students at St. Thomas University good luck as they continue to meet this challenge. Thank you. Legal Issues Untitled Essay